No Charges for UPI UsersVast Majority of the Transactions to Remain Free of Charge for Merchants as wellAmendment to the Payment and Settlement Systems Act (PSS https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2296594&RegID=3&LID=1
Sunday, 9 August 2026
PIBNo Charges for UPI UsersVast Majority of the Transactions to Remain Free of Charge for Merchants as wellAmendment to the Payment and Settlement Systems Act (PSS
Subscribe to:
Post Comments (Atom)
6 comments:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oSmVu1Q8tbo (Contd) "Scientists Compared North Indian DNA With South Indian DNA — The Results Shocked Everyone"
Ancient Genetics Archive and Ancient DNA Files 9 Aug 2026local women rather than by equal mixing of both sexes. This sexbiased migration pattern is why the Y chromosome shows
19:2419 minutes, 24 secondssuch a dramatic north south difference while the mitochondrial DNA shows more continuity across the subcontinent. The
19:3319 minutes, 33 secondsstepmen came they mixed with the local population. Their Y chromosomes spread into North India at high frequencies.
19:4119 minutes, 41 secondsBut the women of those north Indian communities who contributed the maternal lineages were predominantly of local IVC
19:4919 minutes, 49 secondsdescended or AASI ancestry. Both North and South India carry their mother's
19:5619 minutes, 56 secondsancient indigenous DNA in ways that the Y chromosome comparison alone would not reveal. What does all of this mean for
20:0420 minutes, 4 secondsthe debate about Indian national identity? The question of whether North and South Indians are fundamentally the same people or fundamentally different
20:1320 minutes, 13 secondsones. The genetics gives a clear and nuanced answer. North and South Indians share a common foundation. The AASI
20:2220 minutes, 22 secondsbaseline of the original settlers which is present in every Indian genome regardless of region and the Iranian
20:2920 minutes, 29 secondsfarmer IVC related ancestry that mixed with AASI across the entire subcontinent
20:3620 minutes, 36 secondsduring the Neolithic period. These two shared layers connect every Indian population to a common prehistoric
20:4420 minutes, 44 secondsancestry that is genuinely ancient and genuinely shared. Where North and South Indians differ is in the third layer.
20:5220 minutes, 52 secondsThe step component which was added in dramatically different proportions depending on how close each population
21:0021 minuteswas to the migration corridor of the Bronze Age Indo-Aryan expansion. This is not a story of one population being more
21:0821 minutes, 8 secondsIndian than another. Both are equally Indian. Both trace their deepest ancestry to the original settlers of
21:1621 minutes, 16 secondsthis land. Both carry the genetic memory of the Indis Valley civilization. The difference is in how much of the most
21:2421 minutes, 24 secondsrecent major migration event each population absorbed. And that difference preserved through thousands of years of
21:3121 minutes, 31 secondsendogamy and geographic separation is what the DNA is now reading back to us with extraordinary precision. And there
21:4021 minutes, 40 secondsis one more dimension of the north south genetic divide that almost nobody is talking about yet. Its implications for
21:4721 minutes, 47 secondshealth and disease which a landmark 2025 study published in the journal cell has
21:5321 minutes, 53 secondsnow begun to reveal. The 2025 cell paper 50,000 years of evolutionary history of
22:0022 minutesIndia by Kurtuff Patterson and colleagues is one of the most comprehensive studies of Indian
22:0722 minutes, 7 secondsgenetics ever published and one of its most striking findings is that the ANI-Si
genetic gradient that separates North from South India does not just affect ancestry percentages, it affects health.
22:2222 minutes, 22 secondsThe study found that the proportion of AASI ancestry in an Indian population is correlated with distinct patterns of genetic risk for certain diseases.
22:3422 minutes, 34 secondsPopulations with higher AASI ancestry show different risk profiles for conditions including type 2 diabetes,
22:4322 minutes, 43 secondscardiovascular disease, and certain autoimmune conditions compared to populations with higher step or Iranian
22:5222 minutes, 52 secondsfarmer ancestry. This is not because any ancestry component is inherently unhealthy. It is because different
22:5922 minutes, 59 secondsancestral populations having evolved in different environments over tens of thousands of years develop different
23:0623 minutes, 6 secondsgenetic variants in response to their specific ecological conditions and those variants are still present in the
23:1423 minutes, 14 secondsgenomes of their descendants today. The AASI populations evolve for tens of thousands of years in the specific
23:2223 minutes, 22 secondsenvironmental conditions of the Indian subcontinent. its tropical climate, its disease ecology, its dietary resources.
23:3123 minutes, 31 secondsThe step populations evolved in the harsh open grasslands of Central Asia.
23:3723 minutes, 37 secondsWhen these two genetic heritages meet in different proportions in different Indian communities, they create different baseline risk landscapes for
23:4623 minutes, 46 secondsthe diseases of the modern world. The genetic divide between North and South India is therefore not just an ancestry
23:5423 minutes, 54 secondsstory. It is a living health story still playing out in the bodies of hundreds of millions of people today and the science
24:0224 minutes, 2 secondsis only beginning to understand its full implications. Then there is the question of language because the north south
24:0924 minutes, 9 secondslinguistic divide in India maps onto the genetic divide in a way that is deeply revealing even if the relationship is more complicated than it first appears.
24:2024 minutes, 20 secondsNorth India is predominantly Indo-aran in language. Hindi, Punjabi, Bengali, Gujarati, Marathi and dozens of others
24:3024 minutes, 30 secondsall belong to the Indo-aran language family which arrived with the bronze age step migration. South India is predominantly Dravidian in language.
24:4024 minutes, 40 secondsTamil, Telugu, Canada and Malayam all belong to the Dravidian family which predates the Indo-Aryan arrival. The
24:4924 minutes, 49 secondsgenetic gradient and the linguistic gradient run in the same direction and they overlap significantly. The populations with the highest step
24:5824 minutes, 58 secondsancestry speak Indo-Aryan languages and the populations with the highest AASI
25:0425 minutes, 4 secondsancestry speak Dravidian languages. But the relationship is not perfect and where it breaks down is instructive. The
Brahoui people of Balakiststan in Pakistan deep in the northwest surrounded by Indo-Aryan and Iranian
25:2025 minutes, 20 secondslanguage speakers speak a Dravidian language. This isolated Dravidian language in the heart of the Indo-Aryan
25:2825 minutes, 28 secondsand Iranian world is one of the most powerful pieces of linguistic evidence for the IVC Dravidian hypothesis. The
25:3725 minutes, 37 secondsidea that the Indis Valley civilization spoke a protoravidian language that was the ancestor of all modern Dravidian
25:4525 minutes, 45 secondstongues. If this is correct, it means that Dravidian was once the dominant language of the entire northwestern
25:5225 minutes, 52 secondsIndian subcontinent and was replaced by Indo-Aryan in the north while surviving intact in the south where the step migration had less demographic impact.
26:0326 minutes, 3 secondsThe DNA is entirely consistent with this picture. The IVC related Iranian farmer ancestry that the Dravidian languages
26:1226 minutes, 12 secondswould have traveled with is present across both North and South India. While the step ancestry that replaced Dravidian with Indo-Aryan in the north
26:2126 minutes, 21 secondsis largely absent from the Dravidian speakaking south. Language and genetics in this case are telling the same story
26:2926 minutes, 29 secondsfrom different angles. If this video changed the way you understand your own DNA, whether you are North Indian, South
26:3626 minutes, 36 secondsIndian or anywhere in between, subscribe to this channel and leave a like so this story reaches every Indian family around
26:4426 minutes, 44 secondsthe world that deserves to understand where they really came from. And if you want to go deeper, if you want to
26:5026 minutes, 50 secondsunderstand exactly what your own DNA test results are telling you about your specific ancestry, your Hapla group,
26:5926 minutes, 59 secondsyour step percentage, and what the science now knows about the three ancient populations that built every Indian genome. The guide is in the
27:0827 minutes, 8 secondsdescription. 35 pages, 12 original diagrams, full citations, PDF and EPUB,
27:1527 minutes, 15 secondsboth included. 7-day guarantee every penny back. The link is right there. The DNA does not take sides. And what it has
27:2427 minutes, 24 secondsfound in India is something that should unite rather than divide because underneath all the differences in step
27:3127 minutes, 31 secondspercentage and AASI proportion and HLA group frequency. Every Indian genome tells the same foundational story.
27:4027 minutes, 40 seconds50,000 years ago, the first modern humans walked into South Asia and made it their home. Everything that came
27:4727 minutes, 47 secondsafter the Iranian farmers, the IVC cities, the Bronze Age step migrations, the Vadic tradition, the Dravidian
27:5527 minutes, 55 secondslanguages, the cast system, the medieval empires, the colonial period, the diaspora. All of it is written in the
28:0228 minutes, 2 secondsgenome layer by layer, migration by migration, generation by generation. The north carries more of the recent layers.
28:1128 minutes, 11 secondsThe south carries more of the ancient foundation. But both are reading from the same book. And that book is 50,000 years
Sync to video time
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BpHajVhCK7o
How Deng Xiaoping Rebuilt China After Mao
The Power Shift and The Red Century 6 Aug 2026 #dengxiaoping #china #History
After Mao Zedong's death in 1976, China was one of the poorest countries on Earth. Millions lived in poverty, the economy had collapsed, and decades of communist policies had left the nation struggling to survive.
Then Deng Xiaoping returned. Purged three times by Mao, Deng rejected ideology and focused on one thing: results. Through market reforms, Special Economic Zones, foreign investment, and pragmatic leadership, he launched one of the greatest economic transformations in history.
In this documentary you'll discover:
• Why Mao's China was collapsing
• Deng Xiaoping's rise after multiple political purges
• The Household Responsibility System
• The creation of Shenzhen and Special Economic Zones
• How China attracted Western investment
• The economic miracle that lifted over 800 million people out of poverty
• The Tiananmen Square crackdown and Deng's lasting legacy: (Transcript)
Purge him once and most men are
0:09
finished. Purge him twice and he's a
0:11
warning to others. Mao purged Deng
0:13
Xiaoping three times. Three times the
0:16
Communist Party stripped him of
0:18
everything, his rank, his home, his
0:20
dignity. Once they threw his son out of
0:22
a window and left him paralyzed. And
0:25
three times Deng walked back into the
0:26
halls of power like he'd never left. By
0:29
1978, every rival who'd ever brought him
0:32
down was dead, disgraced, or irrelevant.
0:35
Deng was still standing, still smoking,
0:37
still in charge. And now, this man who
0:39
could not be destroyed was about to
0:41
gamble a billion lives on an idea that
0:44
could get him destroyed a fourth time.
0:46
This is a story of how a country flat on
0:48
its back got up and the 4' 11in survivor
0:52
who bet everything to make it happen. If
0:54
you're new here, take a second to
0:56
subscribe. You're going to want to see
0:57
how this one ends. To understand what
0:59
Deng Xiaoping pulled off, you have to
1:01
understand what he inherited. And it was
1:04
a disaster. Mao Zong ran China for 27
1:07
years. When he died in 1976, this is the
1:11
country he left behind. The average
1:13
Chinese person earned somewhere around
1:15
$150.
1:17
Not a month, a year. By the World Bank's
1:20
numbers, the average person in India was
1:22
richer than the average person in China.
1:25
Sit with that for a second because it's
1:26
about to become almost impossible to
1:28
believe. Roughly nine out of every 10
1:31
Chinese people lived in extreme poverty.
1:34
Food was rationed. Cloth was rationed.
1:37
Cooking oil was rationed. You needed
1:39
government coupons to buy almost
1:41
anything. And half the time the shelves
1:43
were empty anyway. And this wasn't just
1:45
poverty. It was trauma stacked on
1:47
trauma. From 1958 to 1962,
1:51
Mao's great leap forward, his plan to
1:54
industrialize overnight by having
1:55
peasants smelt steel in their backyards
1:58
instead of growing food, produced the
2:00
deadliest famine in recorded human
2:02
history. Most serious estimates land
2:05
around 30 million people starved to
2:07
death. 30 million. Then from 1966 to
2:12
1976, the cultural revolution tore the
2:15
country apart from the inside. Teachers
2:17
were beaten by their own students.
2:19
Neighbors informed on neighbors.
2:22
Millions were exiled, imprisoned or
2:24
driven to death. An entire generation
ost its education. So picture the table
2:29
in 1976. Nearly a billion people, a
2:32
wrecked economy, a traumatized society,
2:35
and a communist party that had spent
2:37
decades punishing anyone who so much has
2:39
whispered the word market. Leas and
2:42
here's the part that raised the stakes
2:43
higher than almost anyone remembers. The
2:46
last senior leader who' tried to gently
2:48
fix the economy with a few marketstyle
2:50
ideas after the Great Leap, a man named
2:53
Lu Shiao Chi, once Mao's chosen
2:56
successor, had been destroyed for it.
2:58
Purged, tortured by mobs, and left to
3:00
die in 1969 in a detention cell in
3:04
Kiong, denied his medicine, cremated
3:07
under a fake name. That was the price of
3:09
pragmatism in Mao, China. So when we say
3:12
Deng was taking a gamble, understand
3:14
exactly what he was gambling with. Now
3:17
meet the man about to sit down at that
3:19
table. Deng Xiaoping was tiny, under 5t
3:22
tall, a chain smoking spit tune using
3:25
pragmatist from Sichuan province. And by
3:27
1978, he had already lost everything
3:30
three separate times. There's even a
3:32
phrase for his life in China. Three
3:33
falls, three rises.
3:36
All right. At 16, he sailed to France on
3:38
a work study program that turned out to
3:40
be mostly work and almost no study. He
3:43
hauled steel. He fitted parts in a
3:45
Renault factory. And on that factory
3:47
floor, as a teenager, he saw something
3:50
most of his comrades never had. What a
3:52
modern industrial economy actually looks
3:55
like up close. Then came the falls. He
3:57
was purged in the 1930s and rose again.
4:00
He climbed to the very top of the party
4:02
by the 1950s general secretary running
4:05
the daily machinery of the state. Then
4:07
the cultural revolution hit and he was
4:09
purged again. Sent to work in a tractor
4:11
factory. His son Deng Pufong was thrown
4:14
from a window by red guards and
4:16
paralyzed for life. He came back and
4:18
then in 1976, right before Mao died, he
4:22
was purged a third time. Most people
4:24
don't survive being politically executed
4:26
once. Deng did it three times. And each
4:29
time he came back a little more
4:30
convinced that ideology doesn't feed
4:33
anybody. Results do. Which brings us to
4:36
the single most important sentence in
4:38
modern economic history. Deng's famous
4:40
line. It doesn't matter if a cat is
4:42
black or white as long as it catches
4:44
mice. He didn't care whether an idea was
4:46
labeled capitalist or communist. If it
4:49
put food on the table, China would use
4:51
it. In a country that had just spent a
4:53
decade murdering people over ideological
4:55
purity, that idea wasn't just bold. It
4:58
was radioactive. By December 1978, at a
5:01
party meeting called the Third Plenum,
5:03
Deng had maneuvered himself into being
5:06
China's paramount leader. He was 74
5:08
years old. And here's a detail that
5:10
tells you everything about how he
5:12
operated. He never actually took the top
5:14
job. He was never president, never
5:16
general secretary again. His main
5:18
official title for years was head of the
5:20
military commission. He didn't need the
5:22
throne. He needed the leverage. He led
5:24
China from the second row for over a
5:26
decade, which honestly is its own kind
5:29
of genius. Now, where do you even start
5:31
rebuilding a country that broken? Deng
5:34
started where the pain was worst, the
5:36
stomach. Agriculture. Remember those 18
5:39
terrified farmers in Shaong? Their
5:41
illegal experiment worked spectacularly.
5:44
In one year, that single village
5:46
produced more grain than it had in the
5:48
previous 5 years combined. Because for
5:50
the first time, the harvest belonged to
5:52
the people who grew it. Instead of
crushing them, Deng's reformers looked
5:56
at those numbers and made a decision
5:58
that changed everything. Do it
6:00
everywhere. They called it the household
6:02
responsibility system. The state still
6:05
technically owned the land, but families
6:07
could lease it, farm it, and this is the
6:10
magic word, keep the surplus, hit your
6:13
quota, and everything above it is yours
6:15
to sell. The results were almost
6:17
comical. Grain output shot up. Incomes
6:20
in the countryside doubled in just a few
6:22
years. Something that had been
6:24
physically impossible under the commune
6:26
system happened almost overnight. And
6:28
all Deng had really done was let people
6:31
keep what they made. Lesson number one
6:33
of the rebuild. He didn't import
6:35
capitalism from abroad. He legalized
6:38
what desperate people were already doing
6:40
to survive. Feeding people was step one.
6:43
But Deng knew a nation of farmers stays
6:46
poor. To get truly rich, China needed
6:48
factories, technology, and above all,
6:51
money from the outside world. There was
6:53
just one problem. Foreign investment,
6:56
private business, capitalism. Those were
6:58
the exact things Chinese communists had
7:00
spent 30 years calling evil. He couldn't
7:03
just flip a switch and turn the whole
7:04
country capitalists. The old guard would
7:07
have had him purged a fourth time, and
7:09
this one might have stuck. So, Deng did
7:11
something brilliant. Instead of changing
7:13
the whole country, he built test tubes.
7:15
In 1980, China designated four small
7:18
cities as special economic zones.
7:21
Shenzhen, Juu Hai, Shanto, and Shamin.
7:24
Inside these zones, and only inside
7:26
them, the normal rules were suspended.
7:29
Foreign companies could invest, private
7:31
businesses could operate, people could
7:33
actually be paid for performance. Think
7:36
of them as capitalism labs quarantined
7:39
behind glass, where the party could run
7:41
the experiment without infecting the
7:43
whole system. If it failed, they could
7:45
shut it down and blame the zone. If it
7:48
worked, well, it worked. Take Shenzhen.
7:51
In 1979, Shenzhen was a fishing village
7:54
of around 30,000 people. Dirt roads,
7:58
nothing taller than a few stories.
8:00
Today, Shenzhen is a mega city of well
8:03
over 10 million. It builds a huge share
8:05
of the world's smartphones, drones, and
8:07
electronics. In roughly 40 years, it
8:10
went from rice patties to a skyline that
8:12
looks like it was rendered by a science
8:14
fiction studio. They used to say a new
8:16
skyscraper went up in Shenzhen every few
8:18
days. And it wasn't much of an
8:20
exaggeration. The zones worked so well
8:22
that Deng kept opening more. First a
8:25
handful of cities, then whole coastal
8:27
regions. He wasn't building capitalism.
8:29
He was building something new. And he
8:31
had a name for it. Socialism with
8:33
Chinese characteristics. The party keeps
8:36
control of the big stuff, the banks, the
8:38
land, the strategic industries. But
8:40
private companies get to hire, fire,
8:42
compete, and make money underneath.
8:45
State on top, market underneath. That
8:47
hybrid is basically the operating system
8:50
China still runs on today. None of this
8:52
works if the outside world won't do
8:54
business with you. And for decades,
8:56
China had been sealed shut. So in
8:58
January 1979, this lifelong communist
Post a Comment